The Cold Fusion Phenomenon – Nuclear Reactions in the CF Materials at Around Room Temperature
Issue:
Volume 8, Issue 1, June 2021
Pages:
1-12
Received:
12 May 2021
Accepted:
31 May 2021
Published:
7 June 2021
Abstract: Since the discovery of nuclear reactions in PdDx alloys at around room temperature in 1989, there have been accumulated very many experimental data sets showing existence of nuclear reactions in solid materials composed of transition metals and occluded hydrogen isotopes (let us call them the CF materials, for short) resulting in various nuclear products such as neutrons, tritium, transmuted nuclei, and others accompanied with large excess energies at relatively low temperatures up to 1000°C (let us call these whole events the cold fusion phenomenon (CFP), for short). As the cause of these nuclear reactions in the CFP, we have to accept the existence of the interactions between nuclei in the CF material through the nuclear force (let us call this interaction the nuclear-force interaction, for short) recognized its existence in the nucleus in the nuclear physics. We can classify the CF materials, i.e. materials where CFP occurs, into three groups: (1) metallic material including transition-metal hydrides (e.g. NiHx, AuHx) and deuterides (e.g. PdDx, TiDx), (2) carbonic material including hydrogen graphite (HCx) and XLPE (cross-linked polyethylene) and (3) biological material including microorganisms, microbial cultures and biological tissues or organs. We will explain the characteristics of the CFP observed in each group in this paper. The nuclear reactions in the CF material gives rise to production of new particles from neutron, triton, and new nuclei with proton numbers Z up to 83 accompanying enormous excess energy. In addition to these events, there occurs the stabilization of unstable nuclei, including the decay-time shortening of radioactive nuclei, which is especially interesting to apply it to treat hazardous nuclear waste produced by the nuclear power plant. Finally, we give an overview of the CFP in relation to the solid state-nuclear physics and the solid state-nuclear chemistry where the nuclear-force interaction may play important roles to explain the riddles found but not given appropriate explanations in these old sciences hitherto.
Abstract: Since the discovery of nuclear reactions in PdDx alloys at around room temperature in 1989, there have been accumulated very many experimental data sets showing existence of nuclear reactions in solid materials composed of transition metals and occluded hydrogen isotopes (let us call them the CF materials, for short) resulting in various nuclear pr...
Show More
Detecting of the Risk Indicator Parameters of Radioactive Nuclides Around the Stores of Fertilizer and Pesticides, Al Jazeera Agricultural Project Using the Germanium Detector
Hafiz Fatelrahman Babeker Fadl Alla,
Mahmoud Hamid Mahmoud Hilo,
Ahmed Al Hassan Alfaki,
Ahmed Mohamed Salih Hamid
Issue:
Volume 8, Issue 1, June 2021
Pages:
13-18
Received:
24 May 2021
Accepted:
6 July 2021
Published:
11 September 2021
Abstract: This study shows the assessment of radiation hazard parameters due to terrestrial radionuclide's in soil around the residential areas near the stores of fertilizer and pesticides, Al Jazeera agricultural project Radiation hazard parameters were was computed. These include excess lifetime cancer risk, annual gonadal dose equivalent hazard index, radium equivalent activity and external hazard. Obtained result indicates that some of the radiation hazard parameters, the average value excess lifetime cancer risk (ELCR) 0.12 × 10-3 μSv, were found to be lower than the UNSCEAR reported value of 0.29 × 10−3 μSv (UNSCEAR 2000), and that of average annual gonadal dose equivalent hazard index 214.59 µSVyear-1, the average value of AGDE in the region is the lower than worldwide average of 300 μSv/y (UNSCEAR 2000). the average radium equivalent Raeq (Bqkg-1) 64.3 Bqkg-1. The average external hazard index (Hex) 0.18, the calculated Hex values for all the samples were found to be below unity, which does not cause harm to the populations of the investigated region. Radiation hazard parameters due to terrestrial radionuclide's in the soil samples were compared to the international values reported by United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR, 2000) and previous studies on the region.
Abstract: This study shows the assessment of radiation hazard parameters due to terrestrial radionuclide's in soil around the residential areas near the stores of fertilizer and pesticides, Al Jazeera agricultural project Radiation hazard parameters were was computed. These include excess lifetime cancer risk, annual gonadal dose equivalent hazard index, rad...
Show More
